Health Law Informer

Recently, the Office of Inspector General (OIG) of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) released its Work Plan for Fiscal Year 2015 (“Work Plan”).  The OIG protects the integrity of HHS programs by identifying fraud and abuse and by suggesting improvements to HHS programs.  The Work Plan informs the public of new and ongoing reviews that OIG plans to pursue during the current fiscal year.

For Fiscal Year 2015 and beyond, OIG intends to focus on emerging payment, eligibility, management, and IT systems security vulnerabilities in the ACA programs, such as the health insurance marketplace.  OIG stated that it would also focus on the efficiency and effectiveness of payment policies in inpatient and outpatient settings, for prescription drugs, and in managed care.

Some specific new items of note include: (1) identifying clinical laboratories that routinely submit improper Medicare claims, (2) reviewing the rate of and reasons for transfers from group homes or nursing facilities to emergency departments as a potential indicator of poor quality, (3) identifying Medicaid MCO payments made on behalf of deceased or ineligible beneficiaries, and (4) assessing the extent to which hospitals comply with the contingency planning requirements of HIPAA.

The Work Plan is a valuable resource annually published by the OIG for providers to identify potential compliance risk areas.

Cozen O’Connor recently published another blog of the Work Plan with the Work Plan’s specific focus on HIPAA and/or information technology that the OIG will examine and address during Fiscal Year 2015.

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) released proposed  regulations for the Medicare Shared Savings Program (“MSSP”) on Monday December 1, 2014.  The proposed regulations are scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on December 8, 2014, and those wishing to submit comments to the agency will have sixty days after their publication in the Federal Register to do so. CMS stated that the regulations will generally be effective sixty days after they are published in final form.

CMS’ discussion and the proposed regulations span over 400 pages and cover many   operational details of the MSSP.  Some selected highlights are noted below:

• CMS proposes to permit ACOs currently enrolled in the MSSP’s “upside risk only” model to continue to participate in the “upside risk only” model for a second “agreement period” with a reduced shared savings rate.

• CMS proposes to create a new “track 3” “upside/downside” risk model with higher rates of savings and the prospective attribution of beneficiaries.

• CMS proposes to place a “greater emphasis on primary care services delivered by nurse practitioners, physician assistants and clinical nurse specialists in the beneficiary assignment process, and to eliminate the exclusivity requirement for certain specialists that were previously required to be exclusive to one ACO on the basis that they render some services that are considered primary care services.

• CMS proposes to eliminate the requirement that ACOs send out data sharing “opt out” letters to beneficiaries and would require beneficiaries to opt out of data sharing exclusively by contacting CMS as opposed having the option to opt out by contacting the ACOs directly.

The health care industry will be digesting CMS’ voluminous and in some cases highly technical proposed changes to the MSSP over the next 60 days and the Health Law Informer will continue to provide more details regarding these regulations and the industry’s reaction to them.

To read the complete text of the proposed regulations click here.

On October 8, 2014, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) withdrew its Notice of Proposed Rule Making (“NPRM”) from the Office of Management and Budget that was to address how Medicare’s future interests should be protected pursuant to the Medicare Secondary Payer (“MSP”) Act (42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(2)) in workers’ compensation, liability (including self-insurance), automobile and no-fault insurance cases (see Notice).  While it is expected that CMS will submit another proposed rule, it does not seem likely that an ultimate final rule will be forthcoming anytime soon.

Although CMS has published guidelines for how to address claims in workers’ compensation cases where future medical expenses are claimed or released in a settlement judgment or other award, it has not released much guidance on addressing future medical expenses in liability, self-insurance, automobile and no-fault insurance cases.  The resulting lack of any clear guidance has resulted in many settlements being prolonged or even coming to a grinding halt as the parties differed over how—or whether— to address Medicare’s interest in future medical expenses.  It was hoped this would change after CMS released an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in June of 2012 addressing the issue of protecting Medicare’s interest in future medical expenses.  Yet, the recent notice that CMS has withdrawn its proposed rule is disappointing to the stakeholders, including claimants, insurers and attorneys looking for clarity and guidance from CMS on this issue.  Even without guidance addressing future medicals, parties to a settlement must still fulfill their MSP obligations, which include addressing Medicare’s interests in future medical expenses.

On Friday October 10, 2014, the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (HHS-OIG) jointly announced a $38 million settlement with a skilled nursing facility (SNF), Extendicare Health Services Inc. (Extendicare) and its subsidiary Progressive Step Corporation (ProStep). Extendicare owns and operates 146 SNFs in eleven states. Prostep offers Extendicare residents occupational, physical and speech rehabilitation services.

The settlement stemmed from allegations in two qui tam cases: United States ex rel. Lovvorn v. EHSI, et. al. C.A. 10-1580 (E.D. Pa); and United States ex rel. Gallick et al., v. EHSI et al., C.A. 2:13cv-092 (S.D. Ohio). The allegations were that Extendicare (1) “billed Medicare and Medicaid for materially substandard nursing services that were so deficient that they were effectively worthless”; and (2) “billed Medicare for medically unreasonable and unnecessary rehabilitation therapy services.” Continue reading…

Choosing a nursing home can be a daunting task for consumers who often have myriad questions regarding the quality of care available at the nursing homes in their areas. To help answer these questions, CMS has created the Nursing Home Compare website, which provides consumers with easy-to-compare ratings of nursing homes’ staffing, quality measures, and health inspections, as well as an overall rating, of each nursing home in the country. To help consumers make informed decisions about nursing home quality, CMS uses the Five Star Quality Rating System, by which CMS compares data from nursing home inspections, self-reports, and assessments.  Based on this information CMS calculates nursing homes’ star levels on a scale of one to five, with five stars being much above average and one star being much below average.

However, there has been concern over the accuracy of the self-reported data that CMS uses in calculating its star ratings. To improve the Five Star Quality Rating System, and to standardize the results, Congress recently passed the Improving Medicare Post-Acute Care Transformation Act (“IMPACT Act”). The IMPACT Act will require providers to submit standardized data to allow CMS to compare quality across different post-acute care settings, and will provide funding for the quarterly electronic submission of nursing home staffing information that is tied to payroll data. CMS will also increase both the number and type of quality measures used in the Five Star Quality Rating System. The first additional measure, starting January 2015, will be the extent to which antipsychotic medications are in use. Future additional measures will include claims-based data on re-hospitalization and community discharge rates. Continue reading…

With little fanfare just before the Labor Day weekend, CMS announced a program in which it would enter into administrative agreements with eligible providers in exchange for the providers’ withdrawal of pending appeals (“Settlement Process”). This announcement follows massive backlogs in administrative appeals resulting from retroactive denials of inpatient claims by Medicare contractors, including recovery auditor contractors (“RAC”), as well as a lawsuit brought by the American Hospital Association challenging these delays. Under the Settlement Process, CMS is willing to pay “68% of the net allowable amount” for eligible claims within 60 days. According to CMS, eligible providers should submit requests to participate in the Settlement Process by October 31, 2014, and eligible providers may file for an extension of time to request a settlement if they are unable submit requests by the end of October. Although this Settlement Process holds promise for certain providers, it does not apply to all providers or all claims.

Eligible Providers

Only acute care hospitals and critical access hospitals may participate in the Settlement Process. The following providers are not eligible to participate:

• Cancer hospitals;
• Children’s hospitals;
• Inpatient rehabilitation facilities;
• Long-term care hospitals; and
• Psychiatric hospitals that are paid under the inpatient psychiatric facility prospective payment system.

CMS may exclude eligible providers from participating in this Settlement Process if they are subject to pending False Claims Act litigation or investigations.

Eligible Claims

Only the following claims are eligible:

• Claims for dates of admissions prior to October 1, 2013;
• Claims for patients that were not Medicare Part C enrollees; and
• Claims that are pending appeals of inpatient-status claim denials, which were rejected by Medicare contractors, including RACs.

An eligible provider may select the eligible claims it would like to settle, while continuing to appeal certain other claims.

For more information regarding the Settlement Process, please contact Mark Gallant, Chris Raphaely, or Ryan Blaney.

It has been a busy summer so far for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) with respect to Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs), as the agency has proposed altering the quality reporting measures under the Medicare Shared Savings Program (“MSSP”) for 2015 and beyond.  Expect an even busier fall as other, potentially broader, proposed rule changes for ACOs are analyzed by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and both sets of proposals wind their way through the public comment process.

The proposed changes concerning quality reporting would revise and update the measures used to evaluate MSSP ACOs’ performance. Overall, the CMS says it would like to focus more on outcome-based measures (as opposed to process-based measures), reduce duplicative measures, and reflect current clinical practices without increasing ACO’s reporting burden.

More specifically, the CMS proposes to add 12 new measures and remove eight, which would increase the total number of quality measures from 33 to 37. The new measures relate to “avoidable” admissions for patients with multiple chronic conditions, heart failure, and diabetes; depression readmission; readmissions to skilled nursing facilities; patient discussion of prescription costs; and updated composite measures for diabetes and coronary artery disease.

The CMS would like to modify the scoring system to award bonus points toward shared savings to ACOs that make year-over-year improvements on individual measures. Moreover, the agency would like to modify its benchmarking methodology to use flat percentages to establish the benchmark for a measure when the national FSS data results in the 90^th percentile being greater than or equal to 95 percent. And, finally, the CMS proposes several ways to align MSSP reporting requirements with other reporting programs, including Medicare’s Electronic Health Records Incentive Program and the Physician Quality Reporting System.

Fewer details are available about the next set of proposed rules changes, which were submitted to OMB on June 26 and will be printed in the Federal Register after review. It is expected that these regulations will include changes to the MSSP’s payment provisions. The proposed changes would apply to existing ACOs and approved ACO applicants starting January 1, 2016. As soon as the text of the rule becomes publicly available, the Health Law Informer will provide more information.

Year #2 Report on Medicare Fraud Prevention System

On June 25, 2014, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (OIG) issued and certified, as required by the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 (SBJA) their second implementation year report  for the Fraud Prevention System (FPS) along with a press release.  By way of background, CMS is under pressure from Congress and the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) to enhance their health care fraud, abuse and waste prevention and detection success through the use of predictive analytics technologies while at the same time monitoring the expenditures and costs by government contractors and auditors such as ZPICs to prevent fraud.  Last October, GAO published a Report concerning CMS’s Medicare Program Integrity titled, “Contractors Reported Generating Savings but CMS Could Improve Its Oversight.” 

CMS and OIG’s Report to Congress on the FPS responds to many, but not all, of GAO’s criticisms.  Here are a few of the noteworthy findings and observations in the Report:

• CMS reports that they “identified or prevented” $210.7 million in Medicare payments attributed to FPS.  This is a return on investment of $5 to $1 for the second implementation year and an increase ROI from Year 1.
• OIG disagrees with CMS’s use of “identified savings” to calculate the success of the FPS and instead recommends using “adjusted savings” as a measure of savings and return on investment related to the Department’s use of FPS.
• Under OIG’s adjusted savings analysis, OIG only certified $54.2 million of the $210.7 million as attributed to the Department’s use of FPS. 
• OIG found that the “Department’s use of its predictive analytics technologies resulted in a return on investment of $1.34 (not $5) for every dollar spent on the FPS.
• Based on criticism received by OIG and GAO, CMS reported that they changed the methodology to require ZPICs (Zone Program Integrity Contractors) to submit provider-specific outcome data to be able to conduct more quality control reviews prior to reporting savings.
• OIG disagreed with CMS and stated, “[A]lthough the Department has made significant progress in addressing the challenges of measuring actual and projected savings, its procedures were not always sufficient to ensure that its contractors provided and maintained reliable data to always support FPS savings.”  Interestingly, OIG initially included a much stronger statement but revised the final statement based on CMS’s objections.  The original statement was “[T]he Department could not ensure that its contractors always provided and maintained reliable data to support FPS savings.”   
• CMS expects that future activities of the FPS will substantially increase savings by expanding the use of predictive analytics and modeling beyond identifying FRAUD and into areas of WASTE and ABUSE.   This will require more refined predictive models and modifications from insights from field investigators, policy experts, clinicians, and data analysts.  In Year 3, CMS will convene workgroups with federal agency, states, and private partners to develop and expand FPS’s capabilities.
• In Year 3, CMS also will explore the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of expanding predictive analytics technology to Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP).  CMS anticipates working with State Medicaid Agencies to train and explore opportunities for expanding predictive analytics. 

Practice Tip: CMS’s FPS is more fully integrated into the Medicare FPS payment system and allows CMS to monitor and deny individual claims in the prepayment stage.  ZPICs and other government contractors will continue to be the government’s “boots on the ground” but they will be armed with better information and real time data to investigate.  Providers need to take any and all inquiries by ZPICs seriously.  Anticipate more coordinated investigations by the FBI, ZPICs, States AGs, State Medicaid Fraud Agencies, and Federal agencies and faster freezing or rejections of provider claims.  Anticipate the expansion of FPS’s predictive analytics to the areas of waste and abuse. 

Please check back with the Health Law Informer Blog and Cozen O’Connor for additional analysis of CMS’s Second Implementation Year Report in the coming weeks. 

On December 11, 2013 the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) published an advance notice of proposed rulemaking concerning the circumstances under which civil money penalties may be imposed for failure to comply with Medicare Secondary Payer Act (the “MSP Act”) Section 111 reporting requirements.  Section 111 of the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Extension Act of 2007 amended the MSP Act by establishing  mandatory reporting requirements for certain group health plans (GHPs) and for liability insurance (including self-insurance) no fault insurance and workers compensation (collectively NGHPs) arrangements.  The Section 111 amendments require GHPs and NGHPs to notify CMS when they pay a claim on behalf of a Medicare beneficiary.  Failure to comply with the reporting requirements resulted in a civil monetary penalty of $1,000 for each day of noncompliance.

The Strengthening Medicare and Repaying Taxpayers Act of 2012 (the “SMART Act”) amended the penalty provision of the Section 111 reporting requirements by stating that applicable plans that fail to comply with the reporting requirements may be subject to a civil monetary penalty of up to $1,000 per day of non-compliance.  Thus, the SMART Act made the penalty discretionary instead of mandatory and allowed for penalties below $1,000.  As a result,  CMS is soliciting public comments and proposals on the practices for which civil monetary penalties may or may not be imposed.  Specifically, CMS is seeking comments on how to define “noncompliance” with reporting requirements; what mechanisms and criteria should be used to evaluate whether a civil money penalty can be imposed; what methods should be used to determine the dollar amount of such a penalty; and what actions on the part of a primary payer would constitute a “good faith effort” to identify a Medicare beneficiary for purposes of reporting under the MSP Act.  Comments can be submitted to CMS until February 10, 2014.

On May 8, 2013, the Office of Inspector General (“OIG”) of the Department of Health & Human Services issued an updated Special Advisory Bulletin (the “Updated Bulletin”)[1]  on the effect of exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other Federal health care programs (collectively “FHPs).  The Updated Bulletin, which replaces and supersedes guidance originally provided by OIG in a 1999 Special Advisory Bulletin (the “1999 Bulletin”), details OIG’s broad interpretation of the scope and effect of its exclusion authority under the Civil Monetary Penalties Law (“CMPL”).[2]  The Updated Bulletin addresses many of the questions OIG has received about exclusions and purports to convey insight gained from resolving self-disclosure cases since publishing the 1999 Bulletin. Continue reading…